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A Digital Textbook

0. Preface
0.1 Detailed Table of Contents
0.2 Instructions

1. Introduction
1.1 Historical Notes
1.1.1 Early Attempts
1.1.2 Lilienthal
1.2 References and Related Sites

2. Fluid Fundamentals
2.1 Origin of Forces
2.1.1 Pressure Forces
2.1.2 Shear Forces
2.2 Dimensionless Groups
2.2.1 Dimensionless Force Coefficients
2.2.2 Reynolds Number
2.2.3 Mach Number
2.3 Conservation Laws
2.4 Approximation Concepts
2.5 Field Equations for Fluid Flow
2.5.1 Navier-Stokes
2.5.1.1 Navier-Stokes Derivation
2.5.2 Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes
2.5.3 Euler
2.5.4 Full Potential
2.5.4.1 Full Potential Derivation
2.5.5 Transonic Small Disturbance
2.5.5.1 Small Disturbance Derivation
2.5.6 Prandtl-Glauert
2.5.7 Acoustic
2.5.8 Laplace
2.6 Relating Pressure and Velocity
2.6.1 Bernoulli Derivation
2.7 References

3. Solution Methods
3.1 Theory and Experiment
3.2 Analytic Methods
3.3 CFD Overview
3.4 Panel Methods
3.4.1 Introduction
3.4.2 Geometry
3.4.3 AIC Matrix
3.4.4 Boundary Conditions
3.4.5 End Notes
3.5 Nonlinear CFD
3.5.1 Finite DIfferences
3.5.2 Finite Volume Methods
3.6 References

4. 2-D Potential Flow
4.1 Basic Theory
4.1.1 Uniform Flow
4.1.2 Vortex Flow
4.1.3 Doublet Flow
4.2 Sources and Vortices
4.2.1 Vortex Velocities
4.2.2 Method of Images
4.2.3 Cylinder Flows
4.2.4 Circulation and Stokes Theorem
4.2.5 Free Vortices
4.3 Interactive Flow Computation
4.4 References

5. Airfoils, Part I
5.1 Airfoil History
5.2 Airfoil Geometry
5.3 Airfoil Pressures
5.4 Cp and Performance
5.5 Geometry and Cp
5.6 Interactive Airfoil Analysis
5.7 Airfoil Analysis
5.7.1 Conformal Mapping
5.7.2 Thin Airfoil Theory
5.7.2.1 Classical Theory
5.7.2.2 Basic Results
5.7.2.3 Inverse Design
5.7.2.4 Thickness Effects
5.7.2.5 General Airfoil Analysis
5.7.3 Surface Panel Methods
5.7.3.1 Sample Source Code
5.8 References

6. 2-D Compressibility
6.1 Basic Results from Theory
6.2 Effects on Airfoils
6.3 Linear Theory
6.3.1 Effect of Mach on Cp
6.4 Transonics
6.5 Supersonic Airfoils
6.6 References

7. Boundary Layers
7.1 Viscous Drag
7.2 Effect on Pressures
7.3 Separation
7.3.1 Laminar Separation
7.3.1.1 Canonical Cp
7.3.1.2 Effective Length
7.3.2 Turbulent Separation
7.4 Boundary Layer Theory
7.4.1 Basic Theory and Definitions
7.4.2 Laminar Boundary Layers
7.4.3 Transition
7.4.4 Turbulent Boundary Layers
7.4.5 Summary of Results
7.5 References

8. Airfoils, Part II: Design
8.1 Design Methods
8.2 Typical Design Problems
8.2.1 Thick Sections
8.2.2 High Lift Sections
8.2.3 Laminar Sections
8.2.4 Transonic Sections
8.2.5 Low Reynolds Number Sections
8.2.6 Low Cm Sections
8.2.7 Multiple Design Points
8.3 High Lift Systems
8.4 References

9. 3D Potential Flow
9.1 General Theory
9.1.1 Biot-Savart Law
9.1.2 Vortex Filament Subroutine
9.2 Finite Wings
9.2.1 Wing Models
9.2.2 Lifting Line Theory
9.2.3 Induced Drag
9.2.3.1 Trefftz Plane Drag
9.2.3.2 Trefftz Plane Lift
9.2.4 Computational Models
9.2.4.1 Interactive Computation
9.2.5 Simple Sweep Theory
9.2.5.1 Forward-Swept Wings
9.3 Slender Bodies
9.3.1 Flow over Bodies
9.3.2 Slender Body Theory
9.4 References

10. Compressibility in 3D
10.1 Subsonic Effects
10.2 Supersonics
10.2.1 Sears-Haack Bodies
10.2.2 Supersonic Wing Game
10.2.3 Simplified Wave Drag Est
10.2.4 Oblique Wings
10.3 References

11. Viscosity in 3D
11.1 3D Boundary Layers
11.2 High Angles of Attack
11.3 References

12. Wing Design
12.1 Wing Design Parameters
12.2 Lift Distributions
12.2.1 About Lift Distributions
12.2.2 Geometry and Lift Distribution
12.2.3 Lift Distributions and Performance
12.3 Wing Design in More Detail
12.4 Nonplanar Wings
12.5 References

13. Configuration Aerodynamics
13.1 Multiple Lifting Surfaces
13.2 Longitudinal Stability and Trim
13.3 Horizontal Tails
13.4 Canard Aircraft
13.4.1 Stability and Trim
13.4.2 Drag
13.4.3 Pros and Cons
13.4.4 Interactive Calculations
13.5 Tailless Aircraft
13.6 References

14. Appendices
14.1 Standard Atmosphere Calculator
14.2 Universal Unit Conversions
14.3 Vector Identities
14.4 Video Clip Index
14.5 Interactive Calculation Pages

15. Problems

16. Index

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